Roman aqueducts were marvels of ancient engineering, supplying water to cities for public baths, fountains, and the homes of the elite. The engineering involved in constructing these aqueducts was advanced for its time. Greek engineers pioneered early aqueducts, with innovations such as the stone-lined channel in Archaic Athens and the pressurized water systems of Pergamon. Romans, however, took aqueduct construction to new heights by incorporating arches and hydraulic concrete, and building extensive networks capable of transporting millions of gallons of water daily.
Roman aqueducts typically began at hillside springs, as stagnant lake water and sediment-laden rivers were unsuitable sources. The aqueducts functioned as artificial rivers, designed with gentle, consistent gradients to prevent erosion and stagnation. Roman engineers utilized tools like the dioptra and chorobates to maintain these precise gradients. Most aqueducts were built underground, but when valleys needed to be crossed, they were supported by rows of masonry arches, and in exceptionally deep valleys, by multi-tiered arcades like the Pont du Gard.
For especially challenging terrains, inverted siphons were used to transport water across deep valleys. Maintenance was crucial; a dedicated workforce kept the channels clear, removed sediment from settling tanks, and scraped mineral deposits from the walls. Although aqueduct water was regarded as healthier and better-tasting, most Roman cities still relied on wells and cisterns for drinking water.
Top image: The Pont du Gard Roman aqueduct in southern France. Source: gallas/Adobe Stock
